3 Theory of the Entry of Islam to Indonesia
3 Theory of the Entry of Islam to Indonesia
1. Gujarati Theory
The first opinion on the theory of the entry of Islam to Indonesia comes from the Gujarati theory. In this theory, it is said that Islam entered the archipelago in the 13th century AD from Muslim Indian traders.
This theory developed from Pijnappel of the University of Leiden who said that the origin of Islam came from Gujarat and Malabar. Then, Arabs with the Shafi'i sect migrated to India and it was the Indians who brought them to Indonesia.
This opinion is also emphasized by Snouck Hurgronje in the book 'L'Arabie et Les Indes Neelandaises or Revue de I'Histoire des Religious that trade relations between Indonesia and India have long been established, then the oldest inscription on Islam is found in Sumatra, giving an overview of the relationship between Sumatra and Gujarat.
In addition, there is also a Gujarati theory from Moquette where he says that Islam is the country originates from Gujarat based on evidence of artifact remains in the form of tombstones in Pasai, northern Sumatra in 1428 AD.
Meanwhile, the tombstones have similarities with the gravestones in the tomb of Maulana Malik Ibrahim in East Java, which has a shape with a tombstone in Cambay, Gujarat, India.
2. The Mecca Theory
Another opinion is Mecca's theory. This theory was first put forward by Hamka in the 8th PTAIN Anniversary in Yogyakarta as a correction to the Gujarati theory. In the theory of the entry of Islam to Indonesia, it is explained that Saudi Arabia plays a big role.
This is because, according to Hamka, the Arabs first came to Indonesia with Islam and were followed by Persia and Gujarat. Meanwhile, it is said that the entry of Islam occurred before the 13th century AD, namely 7 AD or the first century of Hijriyah.
This was proven after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD, where the Islamic leadership was held by the khalifa. Under that leadership, Islam was spread more widely throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.
Then, during the Umayyad dynasty, the influence extended to the archipelago. According to Arnold (Morrison 1951), evidence of the entry of Islam to Indonesia from Arab traders spreading Islam when they traded, this is also in accordance with the fact that Arab traders became leaders of settlements on the coast of Sumatra. These Arab traders also married local residents so that Islam was increasingly spreading in the archipelago.
3. Persian
The theory of the entry of Islam to Indonesia was the last one that was coined by Hossein Djajadiningrat. It is explained that Islam entered Indonesia from Persia in Gujarat in the 13th century. This is evident from Indonesian culture which has similarities with Persia.
This was also confirmed by Morgan (1963: 139-140) that the Indonesian Islamic community was the same as Persia. Evidently, the 10th anniversary of Muharram or Ashura as a Shi'ite commemoration day for Husayn's martyrdom. This commemoration takes the form of making Shura porridge.
In addition, in Minangkabau, the month of Muharram is also known as the month of Husein. Then in Central Sumatra, it is commemorated by parading Husein's coffin to be thrown into the river.
Furthermore, this theory is also supported by the similarity of the teachings of Shaykh Siti Jenar with the teachings of Iranian Sufi al-Hallaj. Third, the use of Iranian terms in the Arabic spelling system for the sound of the vowel in early-level Quran recitations.
Even so, until now there is no fact which theory of the entry of Islam to Indonesia is the strongest or the most correct.
Efforts to Islamize
Islam came to the archipelago and spread Islam to various circles of society peacefully. The following are some of the ways that have been taken to spread Islam to Indonesia.
1. Trade
Because Indonesia is in a strategic position for trade routes and is also a producer of spices, Indonesia has certainly visited many traders from all over the world including Islamic traders. Many of these Islamic traders lived and built settlements and preach.
2. Marriage
Many local businessmen married their daughters to Islamic traders because at that time Muslim traders were considered to be respected circles. The marriage will take place if the girl embraces Islam. That way, more and more Muslim families and Muslim descendants are living in Indonesia.
3. Education
Muslim traders have also built Islamic boarding schools as a means of preaching Islam in Indonesia which is directly led by Islamic religious teachers and scholars. The students who have graduated study at the Islamic boarding school will preach Islam as soon as they return to their respective hometowns.
The art of Da'wah in Indonesia is also carried out using art where preachers use art media to introduce Islam to the natives. For example, Sunan Kalijaga uses puppets to preach.
4. Sufism
The spread of Islam to the natives was carried out by spreading theosophy which was mixed with the understanding of the Indonesian people because in general the preachers understood magical things and had the power to heal.
For example, Shaykh Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsudin Sumatrani, Nuruddin ar Raniri, Abdul Rauf Singkel from Aceh.
Islam that entered Indonesia certainly changed the culture in Indonesia. A local culture that has existed in Indonesia for a long time has begun to transform into Islamic culture.
Islam, which came through the trade route, certainly had a big influence on the indigenous population, especially the Malay community, because at that time the Malay community often carried out trading activities. At that time, the teachings of Islam were easily accepted in Indonesia because it was caused by several factors including:
The teachings of Islam were simple, easy to understand, and easy to accept.
To embrace Islam is not difficult because it only says two sentences of the creed, namely "I testify that there is no God but Allah and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah"
Islamic religious ceremonies are simple and not difficult.
Islam is spread peacefully.
Islam does not recognize caste which differentiates society based on its groups. Islam teaches equal rights and equality.
The collapse of the Majapahit Empire and the Srivijaya Kingdom was a strong cause of the rapid development of Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia.
Islam teaches morals to the natives.
The preachers were good at healing medicine so that the natives liked them.
Introducing and awakening the sacred authority where preachers make written texts to be understood and memorized.
Islam teaches that worship can be done anywhere as long as the place is holy and does not have to always stay in a certain area for fear of being protected by God.
The political power possessed by Muslim merchants, the majority of which is the upper class.
Muslims are seen as tough in terms of the military.
Not only until the preaching which was spread by Muslim immigrants and Muslim traders but over time the Islamic kingdoms began to stand up and reach their heyday and many mosques and prayer rooms were built in various places as a means of worship. The first Islamic kingdom to exist in Indonesia was the Samudera Pasai Kingdom with Sultan Malik As-Saleh as its first sultan.
The Islamic religion that has developed in Indonesia has also had a great influence in terms of architecture, language, education, norms, social relations, culture, and other fields. For example, from the field of architecture, there are various types of buildings such as mosques, kingdoms, forts, graves, fountains, baths, towers, surau, and so on, you can see Islamic and Middle Eastern motifs in each of these buildings.
In the field of language, it can be seen that some Indonesian vocabulary is an adaptation of Arabic such as mosque, chair, cleric, people, books, and so on. Whereas in the field of education, we can see the number of Islamic schools such as Islamic boarding schools, madrasah ibtidaiyah, madrasah tsanawiyah, madsarah aliyah, TPA & MDA, and Islamic universities.
source: https://news.detik.com/
Post a Comment for " 3 Theory of the Entry of Islam to Indonesia"