Biography of Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan, was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad who included the 3rd Khulafaur Rashidin (Rashidin caliph). He was nicknamed dzun nurain, which means to have two lights, this nickname was obtained because Uthman had married the second and third daughters of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam, namely Ruqayah and Umm Kultsum.
He was also known as a wealthy trader and a reliable but very generous economist. He gave a lot of economic assistance to Muslims in the beginning of Islamic preaching.
Lineage
Uthman ibn Affan ibn Abi al-Ash ibn Umayyah ibn Abdu asy-Syam ibn Abdu Manaf ibn Qushai ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn Ka'ab ibn Luay ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr ibn Malik ibn an-Nadhr ibn Kinanah ibn Khuzaimah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudhar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan (ath-Thabaqat al-Kubra, 3:53).
The Commander of the Faithful, dzu nurain, has migrated twice, and is the husband of two daughters of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam. His mother was named Arwa bint Kuraiz bin Rabiah bin Hubaib bin Abdu asy-Syams and his grandmother was named Umm Hakim, Bidha bint Abdul Muttalib, the aunt of the Prophet.
In terms of lineage, this one Quraish has a very close kinship with the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam. Apart from being Rasulullah's nephew, Uthman also became Rasulullah's son -in -law by marrying his two daughters.
Uthman bin Affan was among the ten companions who were guaranteed entry into paradise, he also became a member of the six shura, and one of the caliphs of al-mahdiyin, who was ordered to follow his sunnah.
The nature of Uthman ibn Affan is a companion of the Prophet who has a very shy nature, as in the following hadith:
"The most loving person among my people is Abu Bakr, the most firm in upholding the religion of God is Umar, the most shy is Uthman, the most knowing about halal and haram is Muadz bin Jabal, the most memorized about the Qur'an is Ubay (bin Ka'ab), and the most knowledgeable about the science of inheritance is Zaid bin Tsabit. Every ummah has a trustworthy person, and the trustworthy person among my ummah is Abu Ubaidah bin al-Jarrah. ” (Narrated by Ahmad in his Musnad 3: 184)
Uthman was a handsome, gentle man, had a thick beard, medium build, had large private bones, broad shoulders, thick hair, and good mouth shape.
Az-Zuhri said, "He has a handsome face, a good mouth shape, field shoulders, a wide forehead, and has wide soles."
History
Uthman ibn Affan was born in 574 AD from the Bani Umayyah. he converted to Islam at the invitation of Abu Bakr and included the group of As-Sabiqun al-Awwalun (the group who first converted to Islam). Rasulullah himself described Uthman bin Affan as the most honest and humble person among the Muslims.
It was narrated by Imam Muslim that 'A'ishah asked the Messenger of Allah,' Abu Bakr came in but you were ordinary and did not pay special attention, then Umar entered you were also ordinary and did not pay special attention. But when Uthman came in you continued to sit and straighten your clothes, why? ' Rasulullah replied, "Am I not ashamed of the person whom the angels are ashamed of?"
Follow the migration
At the time of the first call for migration by the Prophet to Abyssinia due to the increasing pressure of the Quraish on Muslims, Uthman with his wife and other Muslims fulfilled the call and migrated to Abyssinia until the pressure from the Quraish subsided.
Shortly after living in Mecca, Uthman followed the Prophet Muhammad to migrate to Medina. In the event of Hudaibiyah, Uthman was sent by the Prophet to meet Abu Sofyan in Mecca. Uthman was instructed by the Prophet to confirm that the delegation from Medina would only worship in the Kaaba, then immediately return to Medina, not to fight the people of Mecca.
Dzatirriqa
During the Ghatfahan War, in which the Prophet led the war, Uthman is believed to have served as mayor of Medina. During the Battle of Tabuk, Uthman donated 950 camels and 70 horses, plus 1000 dirhams of personal donations for the Battle of Tabuk, the value of which was equal to one -third of the cost of the war.
Uthman bin Affan also showed his generosity when he bought a spring called Rumah from a man of the Ghifar tribe for 35,000 dirhams. He endowed the spring for the benefit of the general public. During the reign of Abu Bakr, Uthman also used to provide wheat transported with 1000 camels to help the poor who suffered in the dry season.
Elected to be the third caliph
After the death of Umar bin Khattab as the second caliph, a deliberation was held to choose the next caliph. There are six proposed caliphate candidates, namely Ali ibn Abi Talib, Uthman ibn Affan, Abdul Rahman ibn Auf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas, Zubair ibn Awwam and Thalhah ibn Ubaidillah.
Subsequently, Abdurrahman ibn Auf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas, Zubair ibn Awwam, and Thalhah ibn Ubaidillah resigned until only Uthman and Ali were left. The voice of the people at that time tended to choose Uthman as the third caliph.
So Uthman, who was 70 years old, was appointed the third and oldest caliph, and the first was chosen from several candidates. This event took place in the month of Muharram 24 H. Uthman became caliph at a time when the Islamic government was fully established and structured.
The role after being elected as the third caliph
Uthman bin Affan was the first caliph to expand the Masjid al-Haram (Mecca) and the Prophet's mosque (Medina) because more and more Muslims are performing the fifth pillar of Islam (Hajj).
It sparked the idea of a security policy for its people; making special buildings for courts and judging things previously done in mosques; developed agriculture, conquered Syria, North Africa, Persia, Khurasan, Palestine, Cyprus, Rhodes, and also formed a strong navy. His greatest service was when he issued a policy to collect the Qur'an in one mushaf.
During his tenure, Uthman replaced many unsuitable or incompetent regional governors and replaced them with more credible ones. However, this hurt the deputies so much that they conspired to kill the caliph.
The death of Caliph Uthman was besieged by rebels for 40 days starting from the month of Ramadan until Dzulhijjah. He was given two ultimatums by the rebels (Ghafiki and Sudan), namely to resign or be killed. Although Uthman had the power to get rid of the rebels, but he was principled not to shed the blood of Muslims.
Uthman finally died a martyr in the month of Zulhijjah 35 AH when the rebels managed to enter his house and killed Uthman while reciting the Qur'an. Exactly like what Rasulullah conveyed about the death of Uthman who was martyred later, the event of Usman's murder began with the siege of Usman's house by the rebels for 40 days. Uthman died on Friday 18 Dzulhijjah 35 H. He was buried in the tomb of Baqi in Medina.
Virtues of Uthman ibn Affan
Resident of Paradise Living on Earth
From Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam entered a garden and ordered me to guard the door of the garden. Then a man came to enter, he said, "Let him enter, then tell him that he entered heaven." It turned out that the man was Abu Bakr.
After that another man came asking to be allowed in, he said, "Let him in, then tell him that he is in heaven." It turned out that the man was Umar bin al-Khattab. Then another man came asking to be allowed to enter, he was silent for a moment and then said, "Let him enter, then tell him that he entered heaven accompanied by the trials that befell him." Apparently the man was Uthman bin Affan.
Uthman's Position Compared to Other Muslims
Muadz ibn Jabal radhiallahu 'anhu said, the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam said, "Indeed I saw that I was placed on a scale and my people were placed on the side of another scale, it turns out I am heavier than them.
Then Abu Bakr was placed on one scale and my people were placed on the other side, it turned out that Abu Bakr was heavier than my people. After that Umar was placed on a scale and my people were placed on the other side, it turned out that he was heavier than them.
Then Uthman was placed on a scale and my people were placed on the other side, it turned out that he was heavier than them. " (al-Ma'rifatul wa at-Tarikh, 3: 357).
A similar hadith was also narrated by Imam Ahmad from the path of Umar bin al-Khattab.
This hadith shows the position of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman compared to all the other ummah of the Prophet Muhammad. If the best people of this ummah were gathered, and then weighed with one of the three companions of the Prophet, surely their scales would be heavier than all the best people.
News About the Caliphate and the People Who Will Rebel Against It
From Aisyah radhiyallahu 'anha, she said, Rasulullah once sent someone to call Uthman. When Uthman had arrived, the Prophet welcomed his arrival. After we saw Rasulullah welcoming him, then one of us welcomed the other. And the last words delivered by the Messenger of Allah while patting Uthman's shoulder was
"O Uthman, may Allah put on you a garment (trusting you the office of caliph), and if the hypocrites want to take off the garment, do not let go until you meet me (died) . ” He repeated this speech three times. (HR. Ahmad).
And finally the meeting that Rasulullah said happened. From Abdullah ibn Umar that Uthman ibn Affan spoke in front of an audience, "I met the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam in a dream, then he said,' O Uthman, break the fast with us'." So in the morning he fasted and on that day he was killed. (HR. Judge in Mustadrak, 3: 103).
Katsir bin ash-Shalat came to Uthman bin Affan and said, “Commander of the Faithful, come out and sit on the front porch so that the people can see you. If you do that, society will defend you.
Uthman laughed and said, 'O Katsir, last night I dreamed as if I had met the Prophet of Allah, Abu Bakr, and Umar, then he said,' Come back, because tomorrow you will break your fast with us'. Then Uthman said, 'By Allah, the sun will not set tomorrow, unless I have become an inhabitant of the hereafter'. " (Ibn Sa'ad in ath-Thabaqat, 3:75).
Source: Kisah Muslim (Wikipedia)
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